New Dehli 1948
New Delhi India 1st Public Talk 14th November, 1948
Action is relationship, and we cannot live or exist without action.
Action seems to produce constant friction, constant misunderstanding and
anxiety; and we see in the world that all organized action has most
unfortunately led to a series of disasters. We see in the world about us
confusion, misery and conflicting desires; and realizing this world
chaos, most thoughtfull and earnest people - not the people who are
playing at make believe, but people who are really concerned - will
naturally see the importance of thinking out the problem of action.
There is mass action and individual action; and mass action has become
an abstraction, a convenient escape for the individual. By thinking that
this chaos, this misery, this disaster that is constantly arising, can
somehow be transformed or brought to order by mass action, the
individual becomes irresponsible. The mass is surely a fictitious
entity; the mass is you and I. It is only when you and I do not
understand the relationship of true action that we turn to the
abstraction called the mass - and thereby become irresponsible in our
action. For reform in action, we look either to a leader, or to
organized, collective action, which again is mass action. When we turn
to a leader for direction in action, we invariably choose a person we
think will help us to go beyond our own problems, our own misery. But,
because we choose a leader out of our confusion, the leader himself is
also confused. We do not choose a leader unlike ourselves; we cannot. We
can only choose a leader who, like ourselves, is confused; therefore,
such leaders, such guides and so-called spiritual gurus, invariably lead
us to further confusion, to further misery. Since what we choose must
be out of our own confusion, when we follow a leader we are only
following our own confused self-projection. Therefore, such action,
though it may produce an immediate result, invariably leads to further
disaster.
So, we see that mass action, though in certain cases it may be
worthwhile, is bound to lead to disaster, to confusion, and bring about
irresponsibility on the part of the individual; and that the following
of a leader must also increase confusion. And yet we have to live. To
live, is to act; to be, is to be related. There is no action without
relationship, and we cannot live in isolation. There is no such thing as
isolation. Life is to act and to be related. So, to understand the
action which does not create further misery, further confusion, we have
to understand ourselves, with all our contradictions, our opposing
elements, our many facets that are constantly in battle with each other.
Till we understand ourselves, action must inevitably lead to further
conflict, to further misery.
So, our problem is to act with understanding; and that understanding
can come about only through self-knowledge. After all, the world is the
projection of myself. What I am , the world is; the world is not
different from me, the world is not opposed to me. The world and I are
not separate entities. Society is myself, there are not two different
processes. The world is my own extension, and to understand the world I
have to understand myself. The individual is not in opposition to the
mass, to society, because society is the individual. Society is the
relationship between you and me and another. There is opposition between
the individual and society only when the individual becomes
irresponsible. So, our problem is considerable. There is an
extraordinary crisis which faces every country, every person, every
group. What relationship have we, you and I, to that crisis, and how
shall we act? Where shall we begin so as to bring about a
transformation? As I said, if we look to the mass, there is no way out,
because the mass implies a leader; and the mass is always exploited by
the politician, the priest and the expert. And since you and I make up
the mass, we have to assume the responsibility for our own action, that
is, we have to understand our own nature, we have to understand
ourselves. To understand ourselves is not to withdraw from the world;
because to withdraw implies isolation, and we cannot live in isolation.
So, we have to understand action in relationship, and that understanding
depends on awareness of our own conflicting and contradictory nature. I
think it is foolish to conceive of a state in which there is peace and
to which we can look. There can be peace and tranquillity only when we
understand the nature of ourselves, and not presuppose a state which we
do not know. There may be a state of peace, but mere speculation about
it is useless.
So, in order to act rightly, there must be right thinking; to think
rightly, there must be self-knowledge; and self-knowledge can come about
only through relationship, not through isolation. Right thinking can
come only in understanding ourselves, from which there springs right
action. So, right action is that which comes out of the understanding of
ourselves, not one part of ourselves, but the whole content of
ourselves, our contradictory natures, all that we are. As we understand
ourselves, there is right action, and from that action there is
happiness. After all, it is happiness that we want, that most of us are
seeking through various forms, through various escapes - the escapes of
social activity, of the bureaucratic. world, of amusement, of worship
and the repetition of phrases, of sex, and innumerable other escapes.
But we see these escapes do not bring lasting happiness, they give only a
temporary alleviation. Fundamentally, there is nothing true in them, no
lasting delight; and I think we will find that delight, that ecstasy,
that real joy of creative being, I only when we understand ourselves.
This understanding of ourselves is not easy, it needs a certain
alertness, awareness. That alertness, that awareness, can come only when
we do not condemn, when we do not justify; because, the moment there is
condemnation or justification, there is a putting an end to the process
of understanding. When we condemn someone, we cease to understand that
person; and when we identify ourselves with that person, we again cease
to understand him. It is the same with ourselves. To observe, to be
passively aware of what you are, is most difficult; but out of that
passive awareness there comes an under, standing, there comes a
transformation of what is, and it is only that transformation which
opens the door to reality.
Our problem, then, is action, understanding and happiness. There is
no foundation for true thinking unless we know ourselves. Without
knowing myself, I have no foundation for thought - I can only live in a
state of contradiction, as most of us do. To bring about a
transformation in the world, which is the world of my relationship, I
must begin with myself. You may say, `To bring about transformation in
the world that way will take an infinitely long time'. If we are seeking
immediate results, naturally we will think it takes too long. The
immediate results are promised by the politicians; but I am afraid for
the man seeking truth there is no immediate result. It is truth that
transforms, not the immediate action; it is only the discovery of truth
by each one that will bring about happiness and peace in the world. To
live in the world and yet not be of the world is our problem, and it is a
problem of earnest pursuit; because, we cannot withdraw, we cannot
renounce, but we have to understand ourselves. The understanding of
oneself is the beginning of wisdom. To understand oneself is to
understand one's relationship with things, people and ideas. Until we
understand the full significance and meaning of our relationship with
things, people and ideas, action, which is relationship, will inevitably
bring about conflict and strife. So, a man who is really earnest must
begin with himself, he must be passively aware of all his thoughts,
feelings and actions. Again, this is not a matter of time. There is no
end to self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is only from moment to moment, and
therefore there is a creative happiness from moment to moment.
So, as all of us are concerned with right action, with peace and
happiness, these things can come about only through the understanding of
our own complex natures. That understanding is not of great difficulty,
but it demands a certain earnestness, certain pliability of mind. When
there is constant, passive awareness of our speech, of cur thoughts and
feelings, without condemnation or justification, that very awareness
brings its own action and therefore its own transformation - which is
not a result of our efforts to transform ourselves. But for that truth
to be, there must be a quality of receptivity in which there is no
demand, no fear, no desire; and that can come into being only when there
is passive awareness.
We will discuss all these things during the next few weeks, but now I
will answer some questions. To have the right answer, there must be a
right question. Anybody can put a question. But to find the answer to a
question, we must study the problem itself and not the answer, because
the answer is contained in the problem. There is an art in looking into a
problem and understanding it. So, when I deal with your questions,
please do not wait for an answer; because, you and I are going to think
out the problem together and find the answer in the problem. But if you
merely wait for an answer, I am afraid you will be disappointed. Life
has no categorical `yes' or `no" although that is what we would like.
Life is more complex than that, more subtle. So, to find the answer we
must study the problem, which means we must have the patience and
intelligence to go into it.
Question: What place has organized religion in modern society?
Krishnamurti: Let us find out what we mean by religion and what we
mean by modern society. What do we mean by religion? What does religion
mean to you? It means, does it not?, a set of beliefs, ritual, dogmas,
many superstitions, puja, the repetition of words, vague, unfulfilled,
frustrated hopes, reading certain books, pursuing gurus, going to the
temple occasionally, and so on. Surely, all that is religion to most of
our people. But is that religion? Is religion a custom, a habit, a
tradition? Surely, religion is something far beyond all that, is it not?
Religion implies the search for reality, which has nothing whatever to
do with organized belief, temples, dogmas, or rituals; and yet our
thinking, the very fabric of our being is enmeshed, caught up in
beliefs, superstitions, and so on. So, obviously, modern man is not
religious; therefore, his society is not a sane, balanced society. We
may follow certain doctrines, worship certain pictures, or create a new
religion of the State; but obviously, all these things are not religion.
I said that religion is the search for reality; but that reality is
unknown, it is not the reality of the books, it is not the experience of
others. To find that reality, to uncover it, to invite it, the known
must stop; the significance of all the traditions and beliefs must be
gone into, understood and discarded. For this, the repetition of rituals
has no meaning. So, a man who is reli- gious, obviously does not belong
to any religion, to any organization; he is neither Hindu nor Muslim,
he does not belong to any class.
Now, what is the modern world? The modern world is made up of
technique and efficiency in mass organizations. There is an
extraordinary advancement in technology, and a maldistribution of mass
needs, the means of production are in the hands of a few, there are
conflicting nationalities, constantly recurring wars because of
sovereign governments, and so on. That is the modern world, is it not?
There is technical advancement without an equally vital psychological
advancement, and so there is a state of unbalance; there are
extraordinary scientific achievements, and at the same time human
misery, empty hearts and empty minds. Many of the techniques we have
learned have to do with building airplanes, killing each other, and so
on. So, that is the modern world, which is yourself. The world is not
different from you. Your world, which is yourself, is a world of the
cultivated intellect and the empty heart. If you look into yourselves,
you will see that you are the very product of modern civilization. You
know how to do a few tricks, technical, physical tricks, but you are not
creative human beings. You produce children, but that is not creative.
To be able to create one needs extraordinary inward richness, and that
richness can come about only when we understand truth, when we are
capable of receiving truth.
So, organized religion and the modern world go together - they both
cultivate the empty heart. and that is the unfortunate part of our
existence. We are superficial, intellectually brilliant, capable of
great inventions, producing the most destructive means of liquidating
each other, and creating more and more division between ourselves. But
we do not know what it means to love, we have no song in our hearts. We
play the gramophone, listen to the radio; but there is no singing,
because our hearts are empty. We have created a world that is utterly
confused, miserable, and our relationships are flimsy, superficial. Yes,
organized religion and the modern world go together, because both lead
to confusion; and this confusion of organized religion and the modern
world is the outcome of ourselves. They are the self-projected
expressions of ourselves. So, there can be no transformation in the
world outside unless there is a transformation within the skin of each
one of us; and to bring about that transformation is not the problem of
the expert, of the specialist, of the leader or the priest. It is the
problem of each one of us. If we leave it to others, we become
irresponsible, and therefore our hearts become empty. An empty heart
with a technical mind is not a creative human being; and because we have
lost that creative state, we have produced a world that is utterly
miserable, confused, broken by wars, torn by class and racial
distinctions. So, it is our responsibility to bring about a radical
transformation within ourselves.
Question: I am in conflict and suffering. For thousands of years we
have been told of the causes of suffering and the way of its cessation,
and yet we are where we are today. Is it possible to end this suffering?
Krishnamurti: I wonder how many of us are aware that we are
suffering. Are you aware, not theoretically but actually, that you are
in conflict? And if you are, what do you do? You try to escape from it,
don't you? The moment one is aware of this conflict and suffering, one
tries to forget it in intellectual pursuits, in work, or in seeking
enjoyment, pleasure. One seeks an escape from suffering; and all escapes
are the same, are they not? whether they are cultured or crude. What do
we mean by conflict? When are you aware that you are in conflict?
Conflict arises, surely, when there is the consciousness of the `me'.
There is awareness of the conflict only when the `me' suddenly becomes
conscious of itself; otherwise, you lead a monotonous, superficial,
dull, routine life, don't you? You are aware of yourself only when there
is conflict, and as long as everything is moving smoothly without a
contradiction, without a frustration, there is no consciousness of
yourself in action. As long as I am not pushed around, as long as I am
getting what I want, I am not in conflict; but the moment I am blocked, I
am aware of myself and become miserable. In other words, conflict
arises only when there is a sense of `myself' facing a frustration in
action. So, what do we want? We want to have an action which is
constantly self-fulfilling, without frustration, that is, we want to
live without being blocked. In other words, we want our desires
fulfilled; and as long as those desires are not fulfilled, there is
conflict, there is contradiction. So, our problem is how to fulfil, how
to achieve self-fulfilment without frustration. I want to possess
something - property, a person, a title, or what you will - , and if I
can get it, and go on getting what I want, then I am happy, there is no
contradiction. So, what we are seeking is self-fulfilment, and as long
as we can achieve that fulfilment, there is no friction.
Now, the question is, is there such a thing as self-fulfilment? That
is, can I achieve something, become something, realize something? And
iii that desire, is there not a constant battle? That is, as long as I
crave to become something, to achieve something to fulfil myself, there
must be frustration, there must be fear, there must be conflict; and
therefore, is there such a thing as self-fulfilment? What do we mean by
self-fulfilment? By self-fulfilment we mean self-expansion, the `me'
becoming wider, greater, more important, the `me' becoming the governor,
the executive, the bank manager, and so on. Now, if you go into it a
little more deeply you will see that as long as there is this action of
the self, that is, as long as there is self-consciousness in action,
there must be frustration, therefore there must be suffering. Hence our
problem is, not how to overcome suffering, how to put aside conflict,
but to understand the nature of the self, the `me'. I hope I am not
making this too complicated. If we merely try to overcome conflict, try
to put sorrow aside, we do not understand the nature of the creator of
sorrow.
As long as thought is concerned with its own improvement, its own
transformation, its own advancement, there must be conflict and
contradiction. So, we come back to the obvious fact that conflict,
suffering, will exist as long as I do not understand myself. Therefore,
to understand oneself is more important than to know how to overcome
sorrow and conflict. We can go further into all this later. But to
escape from sorrow through rituals, through amusements, through beliefs,
or any other form of distraction, is to take your thought further and
further away from the central issue, which is to understand yourself. To
understand suffering, there must be the cessation of all escapes, for
only then are you able to face yourself in action; and in understanding
yourself in action, which is relationship, you will find a way of
completely freeing thought from all conflict and living in a state of
happiness, of reality.
Question: We live, but we know not why. To so many of us, life seems
to have no meaning. Can you tell us the meaning and purpose of our
living? Krishnamurti: Now, why do you ask this question? Why are you
asking me to tell you the meaning of life, the purpose of life? What do
we mean by life? Does life have a meaning, a purpose? Is not living in
itself its own purpose, its own meaning? Why do we want more? Because we
are so dissatisfied with our life, our life is so empty, so tawdry, so
monotonous, doing the same thing over and over again, we want something
more, something beyond what we are doing. Since our everyday life is so
empty, so dull, so meaningless, so boring, so intolerably stupid, we say
life must have a fuller meaning; and that is why you ask this question.
Surely, Sir, a man who is living richly, a man who sees things as they
are and is content with what he has, is not confused; he is clear,
therefore, he does not ask what is the purpose of life. For him the very
living is the beginning and the end. So, our difficulty is that, since
our life is empty, we want to find a purpose of life and strive for it.
Such a purpose of life can only be mere intellection, without any
reality; and when the purpose of life is pursued by a stupid, dull mind,
by an empty heart, that purpose will also be empty. Therefore, our
problem is how to make our life rich, not with money and all the rest of
it, but inwardly rich - which is not something cryptical. When you say
that the purpose of life is to be happy, the purpose of life is to find
God, surely that desire to find God is an escape from life, and your God
is merely a thing that is known. You can only make your way towards an
object that you know; and if you build a staircase to the thing that you
call God, surely that is not God. Reality can be understood only in
living not in escape. When you seek a purpose of life, you are really
escaping and not understanding what life is. Life is relationship, life
is action in relationship; and when I do not understand relationship, or
when relationship is confused, then I seek a fuller meaning. Why are
our lives so empty? Why are we so lonely, frustrated? Because we have
never looked into ourselves and understood ourselves. We never admit to
ourselves that this life is all we know, and that it should therefore be
understood fully and completely. We prefer to run away from ourselves,
and that is why we seek the purpose of life away from relationship. But
if we begin to understand action, which is our relationship with people,
with property, with beliefs and ideas, then we will find that
relationship itself brings its own reward. You do not have to seek. It
is like seeking love. Can you find love by seeking it? Love cannot be
cultivated. You will find love only in relationship, not outside of
relationship; and it is because we have no love that we want a purpose
of life. When there is love, which is its own eternity, then there is no
search for God, because love is God.
It is because our minds are full of technicalities and superstitious
muttering's that our lives are so empty, and that is why we seek a
purpose beyond ourselves. To find life's purpose we must go through the
door of ourselves; but consciously or unconsciously we avoid facing
things as they are in themselves, and so we want God to open for us a
door which is beyond.This question about the purpose of life is put only
by him who does not love, and love can be found only in action, which
is relationship.
Question: The only thing that gives zest to life is the desire to do
something worthwhile. You tell us that this is a false step. If this
incentive to work is removed, what is left?
Krishnamurti: Sir, why do we want an incentive,to work, why do we
want an incentive to do any- thing? What do we mean by, `incentive'? We
want a reward for our action, do we not? We may not seek money, an
objective reward, but we want a psychological reward, a psychological
incentive for what we do. That is why we go to a guru. It is incentive
that makes us act, otherwise psychologically we would not live at all.
That is, psychologically, inwardly, we want rewards - reward for our
search, reward for our thinking, for our feeling. That is a fact, is it
not? And what is the reward that we want? Inevitably it is
gratification. As long as we can find psychological gratification, we
will do something. So, what we are seeking is constant gratification,
constant satisfaction; and when that is denied, we feel frustrated.
Now, is there gratification, is there ever a lasting gratification?
Or is there only temporary gratification that inevitably brings
conflict, pain? So, we have to find out for ourselves if there is a
permanent gratification. We may put aside the obviously temporary
gratifications because we see that they bring misfortunes, frustrations,
anxieties, fear, and so on; but we think we can find a lasting, an
enduring gratification, which we call truth, God, and for that we want
to work. But is there such a thing as permanent gratification? That is,
is there permanent psychological security? You have invented the
permanent psychological security as God, as a continuous living after
death, and so on. But is there such complete gratification, security? Or
is it that the mind, not knowing what is in the future, - the future
being uncertain, - projects its own creation as a certainty? That is,
the mind moves from the known to the known; it cannot move to the
unknown, therefore it wants an assurance of the next known; and when the
next known is questioned, we become anxious.
So, while physical security is necessary, there is no such thing as
permanent psychological security; and the moment you have that security,
which is self-projected, you become lazy, contented and stagnant. But
when there is no security, then you must have a mind that is living from
moment to moment, therefore living in uncertainty; and the mind that is
uncertain, the mind that does not know, that is not seeking
gratification, is creative. That creative state of being comes about
only when the mind is completely silent, when it is not seeking, when it
is not looking for a reward. Then there is abiding peace; and because
we do not know how to arrive at that state, we seek gratification and
hold it, and that gratification becomes the incentive for action. But
gratification, however refined, entails endless fear, anxiety, doubt,
violence, and all the rest. But if the mind understands itself and
thereby finds that state in which there is complete tranquillity, then
creation takes place; and that creation is itself the total end of all
existence.
November 14, 1948
